3, 2002 184-192 Scott december.

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This chapter provides a comprehensive literature that is critical of the few sources being considered to be particularly beneficial in checking out the 2 key themes of this dissertation. The first among these themes is the effect of drug abuse on the ongoing wellness associated with the teens aged 13-19 in London, while the second is the effect of government strategies in tackling drug abuse amongst teens aged 13-19 in London. These themes are talked about using the resources chosen, plus the quality, methodological approach, relevance and ethical and anti-oppressive practices are all part of the review that is critical. The chapter completes with a summary that is short these key ideas together.

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The theme that is first the effect of drug abuse on specific aspects of wellness on teens in London. There are two key sources that form the core of this review that is critical this theme. Even so, neither of these relate solely to the goal populace, and in each full case some extrapolation of findings is made in order to explain the most likely characteristics of 13 – 19 years’ olds in London.

The first is supply is the study that is case-controlled out by Di Forti et al (2015:1), and briefly discussed in Chapter Two above. Searching more closely at this research, and reviewing it critically, it nevertheless remains an article that is useful as it focuses on the psychological state effects of cannabis and shows a clear relationship between the utilization of the medication in its high potency form (skunk) and psychosis. It might not at very first look that the scholarly research is relevant given that it were only available in 2005. But, it proceeded recruiting for over 6 years, and accumulated a wealth of information on those people abusing drugs – particularly high potency and simply available cannabis.

The research research utilized a research methodology that is primary. The authors approached all patients (18 – 65 years) with first episode psychosis presenting at the inpatient units of the South London and Maudsley Hospital for the recruitment of cases. They invited individuals participate in the study just they validated by administering the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) (Di Forti et al, 2015:2) if they met the International Classification of Diseases 10 criteria for a diagnosis of non-affective (F20–F29) or affective (F30–F33) psychosis, which. The authors used internet and newspaper adverts and also distributed leaflets on public transport and in shops and job centres for the controls. The settings were given the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire and had been excluded if they came across the requirements for the disorder that is psychotic. While the two teams just included the very last two years associated with the target populace team for this research in other words. 18 and 19 olds, it was a study located in London, and on analysis appeared to indicate a number of characteristics that were felt to be useful for providing information that would also be useful for younger teenagers year.

All individuals (cases and settings) included in the research gave written consent that is informed the ethical approval acquired through the Institute of Psychiatry Local Research Ethics Committee. There would not be seemingly any unethical practices, but the research had the potential become oppressive as by the nature associated with the clients presenting during the clinics, and also by the nature of their access to skunk, being almost certainly going to be of certain ethnic groups – particularly of black colored western Indian beginning – it may be argued that the study to some degree misrepresented the populations of south London that is west more specifically, the western Indian communities discovered here. The inclusion of participants from these origins might be likely to give observers an unjust view of the ethnic group or of the population of that area of London as a whole in other words.  

The method used with the individuals was quantitative and questionnaire that is involved, specifically socioeconomic information plus the Cannabis Enjoy Questionnaire modified variation (CEQmv) including information on reputation for use of liquor. tobacco, liquor, other use of leisure medications, and information that is detailed cannabis usage (in other words. very first usage age, usage extent, regularity of good use, type of cannabis utilized) (Di Forti et al, 2015:2). Between 2005 and 2011, the scientists approached 606 clients of which 145 (24%) declined to participate, consequently 461 clients with first-episode psychosis had been recruited. Using a range of analytical tests, and adjusting for a number of factors including the factors for regularity of cannabis usage and also the sort of cannabis utilized, and in combining these the writers found that settings had been almost certainly going to be periodic users of hash, whilst the regular users had been almost certainly going to be skunk that is using. They also discovered, using logistic regression, that those people who had started using cannabis at a more youthful age possessed a greater risk of developing psychotic episodes (Di Forti et al, 2015:5).

The resource that is second be analysed had been the study by McCardle (2004). This was a literature review focusing on the effects of drug abuse by kiddies and people that are young. Even though this would not use research that is primary it provided a useful analysis of the number of other studies.  The study related directly to the findings of the later Di Forti et al study although the age of this study meant that it might have had limited relevance to teenagers in 2017, in fact. This was because McCardle (2004:1) found that cannabis was becoming more powerful that it was of a much higher potency than previously than it had been in the past – just as Di Forti et al found that skunk use was increasing and. McCardle (2004:2) additionally found that there clearly was a range of psychological state issues caused by the utilization of cannabis, including an increased danger of committing suicide, and an upsurge in aggressive, disassociated behaviours, anxiety, despair and other comparable problems (McCardle, 2004:2). Another useful aspect of this research was that it is often difficult to ascertain accurate trends and outcomes (McCardle, 2004:3) that it identified the problems of terminology relating to the gathering and analysis of data – so many different terms are used. That it analysed other studies, and also existing datasets from the UK government while it would have been preferred to have used a London based source or one that engaged participants of the target age group though a primary method, the lack of sources of academic literature meant that this study was valuable in. The article additionally focused on the social effects of cannabis, for example, taking a look at the impacts that are developmental plus the negative effects on training, both of which could lead to bad results in terms of well being and attainment in subsequent life.

The findings from all of these two articles provided evidence that is valid of relationship between the use of cannabis and psychological, psychological, social and real wellness of teens and young people. Although there was focus that is limited the population age target team for the dissertation specifically, both articles provided appropriate points of interest, and it is feasible to extrapolate from them to state that teens in London involved in cannabis punishment are very likely to be at risk of that great different wellness effects identified above.

Finding academic research sources that focused on recent federal government strategies aimed at the goal team based in London was very challenging. For the most recent strategy – the Troubled Families Programme, Lambert and Crossley (2017:1) arrive at ab muscles heart associated with the ethical and oppressive practices problem, itself, and which emphasises behaviour as the target for action irrespective of the socio-economic influences that exist as they argue that this government strategy is one of a wider spectrum of policies that locates problems within the family. This is usually a review research – critically reviewing a strategy – and it is very present, since the TFP has been revisited by the national government, who are considering an expansion, despite proof that it has not met its targets or anticipated results. The authors have conducted primary data about this issue through interviews in the very recent past, and the article refers to these while this article is not based on a piece of primary data. They have found that TFP has proceeded the view of target families being an ‘underclass’, as ‘neighbours from hell’ and also as expensive and very difficult to ‘treat’. While the TFP took an approach that is holistic using one person or group to work with families on all of their problems, Lambert and Crossley (2017:4), as well as others (Bonell et al, 2016) argue that the root attitude of the national and associated with the strategy meant that its approach was not likely to succeed.

This chapter revealed that there have been demonstrably associated wellness effects with the use of cannabis; some of these effects had been serious, and sometimes included illness that is mental behavioural modification, especially where high potency cannabis was utilized. It revealed that despite several years of federal government strategies and policies, there nevertheless does not be seemingly a solution that can reduce steadily the usage or effects of cannabis and other medications. The chapter that is final a reflection on the research undertaken for this dissertation, and offers some brief conclusions and tips. 

In this chapter that is final three tasks are finished. First, an account that is reflective of scientific studies are undertaken. In practice and research, reflection for a task and result is very important because it provides the writer because of the opportunity to look back and learn from their actions. There are in reality two types of reflection, both of which might be relevant to this work. The very first meaning is that of ‘reflection’ that will be considered to be a ‘process or task’ that involves reasoning and it is judged to include intellectual procedures of problem finding and issue re solving (Leitch and Day, 2000:180). The 2nd sort of reflection is compared to ‘reflective practice’. This is the use of reflection and reflective abilities to move knowledge that is learnt.e. theories to the application of those theories to the everyday practices of a person. It was shown to be very important for specific professionals them to develop improvements based on experience and theoretical knowledge (White et al, 2016:9) as it aids their ability to learn from their actions and associated outcomes, and enables.

There are two main primary types of reflection that can be used to support the reflective researcher or the practitioner that is reflective. They are Kolb’s type of experiential learning (Kolb, 1984) and Gibbs’ reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988). Gibbs developed their model as a refinement associated with the earlier in the day Kolb model, and it is Gibbs’ model which is used in this dissertation.

The Gibbs Model provides a researcher because of the opportunity to gain an understanding that is deep of they have discovered (Park and Kastanis, 2009:11) plus the strengths and weaknesses of their work, their underlying values, the insufficiency of their approach, and areas of enhancement (Park and Son, 2012:3). The Gibbs Model will be applied below for these reasons.

4.1.1 The Experience

The entire process of composing the dissertation was both enjoyable and challenging. It was enjoyable because any extensive research task is certainly one of issue re solving and of searching for information, and these two tasks can be very satisfying when they bring about finding out one thing brand new. While main scientific studies are often seen as the most legitimate as a type of task, in reality research that is secondary based as it is on the gathering of current information, plus the synthesis of the information to recommend brand new results or findings, can be just as legitimate, and simply as hard as carrying out processes that collect new or main information.

4.1.2 The difficulties and the Achievements

As alluded up to a true number of times throughout this dissertation there have been lots of problems or challenges. The choice associated with the subject was at retrospect an one that is good it focussed for a populace team in a particular location, London, which had demonstrably gotten small research focus formerly. While there has been significant information collected on medication usage and punishment more generally speaking in britain and much more generally speaking across age brackets, very little has been done in relation to the 13 – 19 12 months age group that is old. In reality, it was this aspect that caused the difficulty that is greatest in completing the dissertation – having less resources and data available that were highly relevant to this age group, in London, for any kind of drug abuse apart from magazine articles that often utilized the issue of drug abuse in relation to criminal activity, cultural minorities or starvation, meant that the data that was available had to be utilized very carefully. For example, it was feasible to obtain academic resources such as compared to Di Forti et al, that looked over drug use, specifically, cannabis, in London, but just 2 yrs of participants for the reason that research (18 and 19 12 months olds) fit into this dissertation, whilst the research by McCardle (2004) supplied relevance to the wider age group (15 – 24) but was not based in London, therefore could point to some useful results but would not have specific knowledge that is locational. Those that had occurred in the past five years, have yet to undergo much academic analysis, but as they are a very different approach from those used a decade or so ago, there is little point in trying to evaluate those older approaches in relation to the strategies developed to address the issue, again the resources of an academic nature were very limited, made even more challenging because the most recent strategies, i.e.

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Despite the difficulties outlined above, it was felt that there have been a true number of positives acquired through the research. As there clearly was such a dearth of resources available, this dissertation appears to offer research that is brand new new analysis of information for this group of the population in this location. The author felt that the validity of their choice of topic and their research approach was justified to some extent as a result. In terms of time administration, it was felt that the research was prepared well, and even though the search for information and resources took longer than expected, it was nevertheless feasible to incorporate the timing needed into the research schedule that is overall. The research additionally challenged the beliefs that are overall judgements held by the writer at the start of the procedure. Whilst it was felt that some degree of real information was held about these presssing issues, there have been some preconceptions held concerning the sort of teens that took part in drug abuse. The gathering of the information enabled the writer to challenge those preconceptions especially in relation to the factors that can cause people of this age to begin drugs that are abusing. This understanding that is new the writer to start to view the issues differently.

4.1.3 Modifications Required

There are a true number of modifications that would be implemented to make the research easier and to deal with issue of restricted resources. Firstly, age range could be extended to include kiddies through the chronilogical age of 0 years to 24 or 25 years, as this will allow a greater number of information sources to be utilized, and additionally they could be more effortlessly analysed and extrapolation made for teenage years. 2nd, the addition of drug abuse by moms and dads impacting on the wellness of their kiddies could be included, as this dilemma has regularly emerged as a problem that is key kiddies and teens throughout the information collection, and can be a major factor in determining whether teens participate in medication usage and punishment. Finally, although London would remain the focus that is locational because a large amount of information that is gathered for London plus the South-East, the locational boundaries could be extended to incorporate this area within the research.  If these modifications had been put into place, it would be an exercise that is positive undertake the research procedure again to see if it was feasible to obtain information and attain findings that were much more valuable compared to those currently developed.

4.1.4 Using the Gibb’s Model of Reflection

Having applied Gibbs’ type of reflection its helpful to see that the reflection that is carried out in phases can lead to a plan that is targeted of, which can form the framework for brand new research. Gibbs’ model does not necessarily permit complexity, but, as it is a model that is linear-cyclical and used in in this way cannot represent the many complexities and factors that characterise the issue of drug abuse amongst teens.

The research concern that this dissertation set out to examine was:

What habits of drug abuse occur amongst teens in London, and exactly what are the causes, wellness effects and solutions that are possible?

Despite the problems in obtaining specific information for teens aged 13 – 19 in London, there clearly was information that is sufficient to be able to give an answer to this research concern. The data showed that while the prevalence of drug abuse was decreasing overall, there were areas of London that had disproportionately higher levels, especially amongst specific ethnic groups from the prevalence perspective. But, amongst all medication abusers, cannabis ended up being the absolute most used drug. The causes of drug abuse amongst teens had been discovered to be a complex mixture of ecological, psychological, psychological state and peer force associated facets, meaning that handling the problem is constantly likely to be challenging for policy manufacturers and healthcare providers.

The previous chapter has revealed that there is clear evidence that its use can be clearly associated with health outcomes of mental health including psychosis and the development of schizophrenia for drug abusers of any age in relation to the health impacts. Not only that, however it is additionally quite obvious that teens engaging in drug abuse are much more likely to experience other wellness associated problems because of their attitude to danger, and their involvement in high-risk behaviours when they’re intoxicated by the medication. These other problems consist of contracting STIs, teenage maternity, the taking of other medications and substances which have more health that is severe, participating in unlawful tasks that can lead to physical violence in an attempt to get cash to buy medications and so on.

Taking a look at the strategy who has most recently been developed in an attempt to deal with the nagging problem of teenage medication use in London, its obvious that it has not succeeded in its aims, goals or targets. This seems to be the result largely associated with the oppressive nature of all such strategies held by UK Governments over recent years – a mindset that views individuals with drug abuse and other problems, as ‘problem families’ that want to be ‘solved’, alternatively of trying to actually understand what its about culture generally speaking leading to such families current in the place that is first. a consider social, financial and issues that are environmental than on the families themselves might result in a better result. 

Having carried out overview of the literary works surrounding this dilemma, there are many recommendations that are key can immediately be made. The first among these tips pertains to the data available for this issue – as suggested formerly, one of the challenges of completing this dissertation was the paucity of data relating to the population that is specific examined. Its, consequently, suggested, that research studies, or federal government agencies data that are collecting should target this age group specifically whenever information is being gathered about medication usage or punishment. An alternative for this is for scientists to obtain the data that are raw the various information debt collectors and sources, and to extrapolate the data that crosses the boundaries associated with the targeted populations team, and reprocess that information for the goal age group. The recommendation that is second not to ever the data, but to the issues. It appears that managing the availability of medications is hard, especially as there are therefore types that are many plus some, like cannabis, be seemingly frequently available. As there seems to be a reduction that is ongoing the number of young people using these unlawful medications, it would seem sensible to capitalise with this trend by giving better academic initiatives to inform people of the problems to their wellness. It would also be appropriate in an attempt to figure out which facets were almost certainly to cause teens to begin drugs that are abusing discover means of handling these facets better than happens to be the way it is up to now.

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